Comentario sobre Ma'aser Sheni 2:1
מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי, נִתָּן לַאֲכִילָה וְלִשְׁתִיָּה וּלְסִיכָה, לֶאֱכֹל דָּבָר שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ לֶאֱכֹל, לָסוּךְ דָּבָר שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ לָסוּךְ. לֹא יָסוּךְ יַיִן וְחֹמֶץ, אֲבָל סָךְ הוּא אֶת הַשֶּׁמֶן. אֵין מְפַטְּמִין שֶׁמֶן שֶׁל מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי, וְאֵין לוֹקְחִין בִּדְמֵי מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי שֶׁמֶן מְפֻטָּם, אֲבָל מְפַטֵּם הוּא אֶת הַיַּיִן. נָפַל לְתוֹכוֹ דְבַשׁ וּתְבָלִין וְהִשְׁבִּיחוֹ, הַשֶּׁבַח לְפִי חֶשְׁבּוֹן. דָּגִים שֶׁנִּתְבַּשְּׁלוּ עִם הַקַּפְלוֹטוֹת שֶׁל מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי וְהִשְׁבִּיחוּ, הַשֶּׁבַח לְפִי חֶשְׁבּוֹן. עִסָּה שֶׁל מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי שֶׁאֲפָאָהּ וְהִשְׁבִּיחַ, הַשֶּׁבַח לַשֵּׁנִי. זֶה הַכְּלָל, כָּל שֶׁשִּׁבְחוֹ נִכָּר, הַשֶּׁבַח לְפִי הַחֶשְׁבּוֹן. וְכָל שֶׁאֵין שִׁבְחוֹ נִכָּר, הַשֶּׁבַח לַשֵּׁנִי:
Ma'aser Sheni [segundo diezmo, que se debe comer en Jerusalén] está disponible para comer, beber o ungir; uno solo puede comer lo que normalmente se come, y ungir con lo que normalmente se usa para la unción. Uno no puede ungir con vino y vinagre, pero uno puede ungir con aceite. Está prohibido condimentar el aceite de Ma'aser Sheni , o comprar aceite condimentado con dinero de Ma'aser Sheni ; pero uno puede condimentar el vino. Si la miel o las especias caen en él y lo mejoran, la mejora se tiene en cuenta. Si el pescado se cocinó con bulbos de puerro Ma'aser Sheni , que se mejoraron, la mejora se tiene en cuenta. Masa de Ma'aser Sheni , que fue horneada, y así mejoró; la mejora irá hacia el Ma'aser Sheni . Esta es la regla: cualquier cosa con una mejora evidente, la mejora se tiene en cuenta; y cualquier cosa con mejora no evidente, la mejora va hacia el Ma'aser Sheni .
Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
מעשר שני לאכילה ולשתיה – As it is written (Deuteronomy 14:26): “[And spend the money on anything you want] – cattle, sheep, wine, or other intoxicant,[or anything else you may desire]. And you shall feast there…” And drinking is included with eating and anointing is like drinking, as it is written (Psalms 109:18): “[May he be clothed in a curse like a garment,] may it enter his body like water, his bones like oil.”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maaser Sheni
Introduction
This mishnah begins to provide some general rules that govern maaser sheni.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
לאכול דבר שדרכו לאכול – for if he purchase bread with the monies of [Second] Tithe and it grew moldy, wine and it became sour, a [cooked] dish and it began to smell badly, we do not require him to eat something that he ordinarily would not eat in order not to waste monies of the Second Tithe. Alternatively, if he requested to eat a species of living, moist beets or a cup of living wheat, we do not listen to him, since it is not our manner to eat them as such.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maaser Sheni
Second tithe is set apart for eating, for drinking and for anointing; for eating what is usually eaten, for drinking what is usually drunk, and for anointing what is usually used for anointing. We have seen this same rule with regard to terumah and sabbatical year produce (see Sheviit 8:2). If one buys food with maaser sheni money, and it goes bad, he need not eat it, because it’s no longer in the category of that which is usually eaten. The same goes true for spoiled drink.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
אין מפטמין את השמן – to put within it roots and the heads of spices, because they absorb the oil and go to ruin as the roots are not eaten.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maaser Sheni
One may not anoint oneself with wine or with vinegar, but one may anoint oneself with oil. Wine or vinegar are normally foods and not used for anointing. Therefore, one cannot anoint oneself with them.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
אין לוקחין בדמי מעשר שני שמן מפוטם – because since we require something that is of equal value for every person, and this is not other than for the delicately reared and those who are indulged.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maaser Sheni
One may not spice oil of second tithe, nor may one buy spiced oil with second tithe money. There are a few explanations as to why one shouldn’t put spices in the second tithe oil. First of all, some of the oil is soaked up by the spices and that oil will not end up being used. Second, putting spices in the oil lessens its usefulness as food and therefore this shouldn’t be done. One shouldn’t buy spiced oil with second tithe money because one should only buy products with maaser sheni money that are used by all classes of people. Since only the wealthy use spiced oil, it should not be bought with maaser sheni money.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
אבל מפטם הוא את היין – to make it wine mixed with honey and things similar to them.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maaser Sheni
But one may spice wine. But one may spice wine because the entire mixture will be drunk and all classes of people drink spiced wine.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
נפל – honey or spices [fell] into the wine of Second Tithe when it is outside of Jerusalem, improving them (i.e., they grew in value), they divide the improvement according to its sum; for example, if the wine is worth two Sela, and the honey and/or spices are worth a Sela, and they increased in value, and stood at four Sela, he redeems the wine for two Selaim and two-thirds of a Sela.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maaser Sheni
If honey or spices fell into wine and improved its value, the improved value [is divided] according to the proportion. The rest of this mishnah deals with improving the value of a maaser sheni product. The general rule is stated in section eight. If someone uses hullin, non-sacred produce, to improve maaser sheni, the added value is divided up according to the percentage of hullin and maaser sheni in the product. Let’s take the example of honey or spices that fell into wine. If the maaser sheni wine was worth two dinars and the hullin spices and wine were worth one dinar, and the mixture was together worth four dinars, there is a one dinar improvement. Two-thirds of the original value was maaser sheni and therefore, two-thirds of the improvement is maaser sheni, and one-third is hullin. In the final mixture 2 2/3 are maaser sheni and 1 1/3 are hullin. This hullin can be bought with maaser sheni money and the money would become hullin.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
קפלוטות – leek-green stuff; PURSH in the foreign tongue.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maaser Sheni
If fish was cooked with leek of second tithe and it improved in value, the improved value [is divided] according to the proportion. This is the same halakhah we saw in the above section.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
השבח לשני – and he redeems the bread at its equivalent value, and we do not divide the increase [in value] to the non-sacred trees, but rather, all of the improvement goes to the Second Tithe since the improvement in trees is not that well recognized in sustenance.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
כל ששבחו ניכר – that the improvement in the non-sacred [produce] is recognized in Second Tithe when they added the non-sacred [produce] on the [Second] Tithe by measure and/or by weight, but if they did not add other than in taste, even though its value raised in price on account of the taste, this improvement is not recognized.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maaser Sheni
If dough of second tithe was baked and it improved in value, the whole improved value is second [tithe]. In this case he used hullin sticks to light a fire to bake maaser sheni dough. Here the hullin is not noticeable in the maaser sheni final product and therefore it is not reckoned as part of the value. So if the maaser sheni dough was worth 2 dinars, and the baked bread is worth 3 dinars, all three dinars are maaser sheni.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maaser Sheni
This is the general rule: whenever the improvement is recognizable the improved value [is divided] according to the proportion, but whenever the improved value is not recognizable the improved value belongs to the second [tithe]. This is a restatement of the general rule illustrated above.
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